Paradise Regained

Paradise Regained is a poem by English poet John Milton first published in 1671 by John Macock. The volume it first appeared also contained the poet’s closet drama (a play meant to be read rather than performed) Samson Agonistes. Paradise Regained is connected by name to his earlier and more famous epic poem Paradise Lost and shares similar theological themes; indeed, its title, its use of blank verse, and its progression through Christian history recall the earlier work; however, this effort deals primarily with the temptation of Christ as recounted in the Gospel of Luke.

    An interesting anecdote recounted by a Quaker named Thomas Ellwood provides some insight into Paradise Regained’s development. After studying Latin with Milton and reading the poet’s epic Paradise Lost, Ellwood remarked, “Thou hast said much here of Paradise lost, but what hast thou to say of Paradise found?” Hearing this, Milton at first “sat some time in a muse” before changing the subject; however, later on he showed to Ellwood a new manuscript entitled Paradise Regained. Some maintain although Milton seemed to express gratitude to Ellwood in a letter, he in truth “passed on a friendly if impish fabrication” allowing Ellwood to feel like the inspiration for the poem. Milton composed Paradise Regained at his cottage in Chalfont St. Giles in Buckinghamshire. The poem is four books long, in contrast with Paradise Lost’s twelve; 2,065 lines long, while Paradise Lost comprises 10,565. As such, Barbara K. Lewalski has labeled the work a “brief epic.”

    Whereas Paradise Lost is ornate in style and decorative in its verse, Paradise Regained is carried out in a fairly plain style. Specifically, Milton reduces his use of simile and deploys a simpler syntax in Paradise Regained than he does in Paradise Lost, and this is consistent with Jesus’ sublime plainness in his life and teachings (in the epic, he prefers Hebrew psalms to Greek poetry). Modern editors believe the stylistics of Paradise Regained demonstrate Milton’s poetic maturity. No longer is the poet out to dazzle his readers with bombastic verse and lengthy epic similes. This is not to say the poem does not bears affinities with Milton’s earlier work, but scholars continue to agree with Northrop Frye’s suggestion Paradise Regained is “practically sui generis” in its poetic execution.

    One major concept emphasized throughout Paradise Regained is the idea of reversals. As implied by its title, Milton sets out to reverse the “loss” of Paradise. Thus, antonyms are often found next to each other, reinforcing the idea everything lost in the first epic will be regained by the end of this “brief epic.” Additionally, the work focuses on the idea of “hunger,” both in a literal and in a spiritual sense. 

    After wandering in the wilderness for forty days, Jesus is starving for food. Satan, too blind to see any non-literal meanings of the term, offers Christ food and various other temptations, but Jesus continually denies him. Although Milton’s Jesus is remarkably human, an exclusive focus on this dimension of his character obscures the divine stakes of Jesus’ confrontation with Satan; Jesus emerges victorious, and Satan falls, amazed.